Immunology

1. Non-specific defenses

1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Inflammatory response
3. Fever
4. White blood cells
5. Compliment

1. Barriers of the Body

1. Skin
2. Cilia
3. Gland secretions
4. Stomach acid
5. Friendly bacteria
6. Lysozyme
7. Cleansing action of fluids

1. Inflammatory Response

1. Cells secrete histamine
2. Blood vessels dilate
3. Local swelling
4. Phagocytes arrive and engulf invaders
5. Clotting mechanism results in tissue repair

1. Fever

1. Whole body reacts to invasion
2. Triggered by toxin
3. White blood cells secrete pyrogens
4. Increase thermostat of body

1. White blood cells

1. Otherwise known as leukocytes
2. Esinophil (allergies, parasites) neutrophil, and monocytes (macrophage) are phagocytes that engulf invaders
3. Lymphocytes involved in non-specific responses. Natural killer cell ruptures infected cell or cancer cell
4. Basophil secretes histamine

1. Specific Defenses

1. B-cells, humoral immunity
2. T-cells, cellular immunity

1. T-cells

1. Cytotoxic- cancer cells, foreign cells, and cells with virus
2. Helper
3. Suppressor

1. Definitions

1. Antigens -foreign molecules that cause an immune response.
2. Antibodies- proteins produced by B-cells that help identify and destroy antigens.

1. B-Cells

1. There are B-cells to every possible antigen
2. They cruise around in the blood or lymph waiting to be activated
3. Only the specific antigen that they recognize activates them.
4. Then the B cell undergoes cell division to become an effector cell or memory cell.
5. Primary response and secondary response

1. Antibodies

1. Heavy chains
2. Light chains
3. Total of 4 chains
4. Made of amino acids
5. Variable region
6. Constant region
7. Antigen binding sites
8. Different kinds of antibodies
9. How antibodies function

1. HIV

1. Retrovirus
2. Lifecycle

1. Finds helper T cell
2. Binds to receptor on T cell
3. Enters cell, exposes RNA and transcriptase
4. RNA becomes DNA which is inserted into host DNA
5. Dormant
6. Activated
7. Makes more virus, host cell dies
8. HIV can attack macrophage and brain cells.

1. Drug treatments
2. How it outsmarts the immune system

1. Allergies

1. Elevated levels of IgE

1. Autoimmune Disease

1. Arthritis
2. Cornea of the eye
3. Lupus- kidney
4. Thyroiditis
5. When you get Strep throat make an antibody to heart valve and get rheumatic fever.

1. Stress

A. Depresses the immune system.